European Pennyroyal Herb

European pennyroyal has been used as an insect repellent, a culinary flavoring, and in traditional medicine for issues like stimulating menstruation, but its use is highly discouraged due to toxicity. The herb's essential oil contains the compound pulegone, which is toxic and can cause serious liver and kidney damage, convulsions, and death, especially in children. Due to these risks, internal consumption and use of concentrated oil are not recommended, and even topical use can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions. 

Uses (with extreme caution)

Insect repellent: Historically used to repel insects, such as fleas on pets or mosquitoes and gnats on humans. Less concentrated leaves should be used, and concentrated oil should be avoided. 

Culinary flavoring: Its strong minty flavor was used in traditional cuisine and herbal teas. 

Traditional medicine: Used to try and stimulate menstruation or in other traditional remedies for ailments like coughs and stomach issues, but these uses are not scientifically supported and are dangerous. 

Risks and warnings

Toxicity:

The essential oil is highly toxic due to the compound pulegone, which can cause severe liver and kidney damage, convulsions, and death, even in small amounts. 

Children:

Pennyroyal is particularly unsafe for children, with documented cases of serious injury and death after consumption. 

Pregnancy:

It is unsafe to use during pregnancy, as it can cause miscarriage and uterine contractions. 

Skin absorption:

Even topical use can lead to negative health effects, and the oil can be absorbed through the skin. 

Allergic reactions:

Topical use can also cause allergic reactions or skin irritation. 

Note: Do not consume pennyroyal in any form due to its toxicity. Avoid all use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Consult a healthcare professional before considering any herbal supplement.